World Natural Heritage in Japan

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    Shirakami-Sanchi

    Learn about the traditions of the Matagi, who live in harmony with the forest of Shirakami-Sanchi

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    Shirakami-Sanchi is known as a “genetic reservoir” thanks to the numerous species that dwell in its endless reaches of natural beech forest. People called “Meya Matagi” have lived in harmony with nature in this area for over a thousand years. Making the beautiful but inhospitable forest of Shirakami-Sanchi their home, they continue to pass on their unique culture based on hunting and gathering, as well as their ancient wisdom, to this day. Read on to learn more about their way of life.

    Exploring a “reservoir of life” with the Meya Matagi

    The scenery of Shirakami-Sanchi, one of Japan’s first World Natural Heritage Sites, remains unchanged since ancient times.

    Shirakami-Sanchi is a mountainous area straddling the prefectures of Aomori and Akita. This remote region was spared from logging thanks to the harsh conditions of its rugged terrain, allowing it to remain in almost the same state as 8,000 years ago.
    The area of the beech forest, thought to be the largest in East Asia, is approximately 130,000 hectares, meaning that an area equivalent to about half of Tokyo Metropolis (210,000 hectares) is covered by beech trees. The forest is home to numerous species including the Japanese serow, a Special National Monument, as well as the golden eagle, which is endangered in Japan.
    In recognition of this rarity, Shirakami-Sanchi was designated Japan’s first World Natural Heritage Sites in 1993 alongside the island of Yakushima in Kagoshima Prefecture.

    Shigeki Kudo after killing a large bear

    It is here that the Matagi, who have developed their own culture since the Heian period (794–1185), reside.
    “Matagi are people who hunt while adhering to a strict code. I belong to the group called Meya Matagi, who make Shirakami-Sanchi our hunting grounds. I, too, was walking through the forest behind adults even in my earliest memories and learned knowledge of hunting and making preserved food.”
    These are the words of Shigeki Kudo, who was born to an ancient line of Matagi and inherited their culture. He also works as a tour guide for Shirakami Matagisha, a group formed to preserve the unique traditions of the Matagi for future generations as the number of Matagi leading a traditional lifestyle continues to decline.

    • A mountain hawk-eagle, which nests in trees. They are adept at hunting in forests and can be seen motionlessly eyeing their prey while perched.
    • A Japanese macaque living in Shirakami-Sanchi. The ones living on the Shimokita Peninsula of Aomori Prefecture have been designated a Natural Monument of Japan as the northernmost population of nonhuman primates anywhere in the world.
    • A double-flowered variety of purple anemone. In spring, small blossoms begin to bloom here and there.

      The year starts with the bear hunt

      A bear prowling the forest of Shirakami-Sanchi

      Various animals are hunted in Shirakami-Sanchi including hares, pheasants, raccoon dogs, and badgers. However, the most dangerous to hunt is the Asian black bear. Bear hunts, which take place between late April and early May, are a huge task for Matagi in spring.
      Kudo: “Bear meat, pelts, and gallbladders have been valued since ancient times. Gallbladders in particular are famous even today for their use in Chinese medicine, and as indicated by the saying ‘A bear’s gallbladder is worth its weight in gold,’ they have long been prized.”
      After fasting during hibernation, bears’ gallbladders are filled with bile, and their pelts are fluffy with winter fur. That is why bears were the most valuable in early spring.
      Kudo: “When we capture a bear, we offer thanks for this blessing from the mountain deities before butchering it. To survive in the mountains, we must repeatedly harden our hearts and take life. That is why Matagi is sometimes written with the Chinese characters for ‘again’ and ‘ogre,’ meaning ‘repeated mercilessness like an ogre.’ Consequently, we refer to killing an animal as ‘receiving a gift from the deities’ and show our gratitude for the gift of this life by using all of it without wasting anything.”

      Kudo working as a tour guide. He is deeply familiar with the natural environment of Shirakami-Sanchi.

      Bear hunting is followed by the season of gathering wild plants. In the old days, this was apparently an even busier time, when Matagi would float previously chopped and stored wood down rivers of snowmelt and sell it as firewood downstream, as well as catch freshwater fish.
      Kudo: “Nowadays there are fewer fish due to a dam built nearby, but lots of cherry salmon, sweetfish, and char used to swim up the river. Matagi would toil away at salting these as a preserved food for the coming winter.”
      In summer, Matagi would sell charcoal they had made and prepare for the Bon Festival. In autumn, they would gather mushrooms and start hunting. And in winter, they would resume charcoal making and go hunting if the weather permitted. This was a year for the Matagi in the old days.

      • A bear photographed in the forest by Shirakami Matagisha. Be sure to take adequate safety precautions when hiking.
      • Traditional snowshoes used by Matagi when walking in snowy mountains
      • A hut used by Kudo and other Matagi from Shirakami Matagisha when hunting

        The four seasons of Shirakami-Sanchi, explained by a forest expert

        Beautiful streams flow in some areas. Early summer through late autumn, from May to October, is the most recommended season.

        Shigeki Kudo, who has walked through the forest of Shirakami-Sanchi for over sixty years, describes the beauty of its four seasons as follows.
        “What makes this area so special is definitely its natural beech forest. In spring, besides yellowish green sprouts and shoots, there are also leaves that turn red, yellow, and pink like autumn foliage. We call these the ‘changing colors of spring.’”
        As if enticed by the warmer weather, animals become more active, and the forest soon bustles with life. Kudo says, smiling: “Just now, I spotted a Japanese serow mother and fawn on the forest path.”
        In summer, the trees draw abundant nutrition from the earth, turning their leaves a brilliant green. Eventually, these leaves turn yellow, orange, and gold and fall to the ground as the quiet of winter arrives.
        Kudo: “In winter, the temperature can dip below negative 15 degrees Celsius. The snow creates soft scenes like the world of an ink wash painting. The way the ice clings thickly to branches, resembling flowers, is also incredibly beautiful.”

        The mountains of Shirakami-Sanchi covered with a layer of snow

        In addition, a number of large and impressive waterfalls have formed through erosion and weathering in Shirakami-Sanchi due to its brittle geology. One of the area’s most splendid sights is the three-tiered Anmon-no-Taki Waterfall. Not only the cascade itself but also the surrounding gorge is spectacular.
        Meanwhile, to enjoy panoramic views, head for the highest peak of the Shirakami-Sanchi mountains, Mt. Shirakami (1,235 meters). Depending on the season, it is covered with gorgeous fields of flowers and has been known since ancient times as one of the most sacred mountains in the Tsugaru region. The mountain is also popular with climbers.

        • Shirakami-Sanchi in autumn. Many people visit to hike, lured by the beauty of the changing leaves.
        • Shirakami-Sanchi in spring. An abundance of new life begins in the forest.
        • Arriving in winter, wild geese are large waterfowl with a wingspan of over one meter. Shirakami-Sanchi is home to a variety of species.

          Experiencing the Matagi way of life on an eco-tour

          A photograph taken in front of a waterfall on a tour led by Shirakami Matagisha. You can enjoy nature to the fullest in Shirakami-Sanchi.

          Eco-tours led by Shirakami Matagisha are perfect for those who would like to walk through the mysterious forest, which changes dramatically from season to season, in the company of Matagi.
          Kudo: “We offer various tours, including a visit to Tsugaru Pass, the location of the famous ‘Mother Tree,’ where you can find beautiful giant beeches; walking along the cool water’s edge and encountering waterfalls; visiting a Matagi hut; and attempting a full-scale climb of Mount Shirakami. The Shirakami-Sanchi area is truly huge, and traversing it takes a lot of time, so making thorough plans in advance is a good idea if you want to make the most of your trip.”

          The dazzling Aoike Pond and Juniko Lakes are among the most popular sightseeing destinations in Shirakami-Sanchi.

          Visiting the Sea of Japan side is recommended if you would like to see the dazzlingly blue Aoike Pond and Juniko Lakes, while the area of Nishimeya Village, where Kudo lives, is recommended for exploring the vast beech forest.
          Looking at the forest is like looking at a microcosm of the Earth and even of the universe. We have much to learn from the Matagi, who have coexisted with nature for so long.

          • A winter tour led by Shirakami Matagisha. You can enjoy the grandeur of nature amid the snow-covered landscapes of Shirakami-Sanchi. 
          • This thick tree trunk covered in lichen exudes a sense of its long history. Walking through the quiet forest will leave you with a feeling of inner peace.
          • Shirakami-Sanchi with new green leaves and the Juniko Lakes

            The Ani Matagi of Mt. Moriyoshi in Akita Prefecture

            Flowers beginning to bloom on Mt. Moriyoshi, the heartland of the Ani Matagi, in spring

            The Ani Matagi are famous throughout Japan as the Matagi of Akita Prefecture. The Mt. Moriyoshi area in the Ani region of northern Akita Prefecture, not far from Shirakami-Sanchi, is said to be their home. They also have a history as “traveling Matagi” who left their homeland to hunt throughout Japan and eventually settled in those places, spreading their hunting techniques and traditions.
            Kaiko no Mori (“Forest of Encounters”), a novel by Tatsuya Kumagai that depicts the Ani Matagi, won the Shugoro Yamamoto Prize and the Naoki Prize in 2004. This helped spread awareness of the Ani Matagi. The book offers a sense of how they differ from the Meya Matagi of Shirakami-Sanchi.

            • The unattended Ani-Matagi Station stands isolated amid rice fields and trees.
            • Mt. Moriyoshi, said to be the home of a mountain deity, is also known for its beautiful ice trees. They can be seen from around January to March at Mt. Moriyoshi Ani Ski Resort.

              Interview Cooperation

              Shirakami Matagisha

              Address
              104-36 Kanda, Tashiro, Nishimeya-mura, Nakatsugaru-gun, Aomori Prefecture
              TEL.
              0172-85-2628
              URL
              https://matagisha.sakura.ne.jp/home.html

              This group was established in 2000 by mainly Meya Matagi to preserve and pass down the traditional Matagi lifestyle and culture. It offers a wide variety of guided trekking tours including the Matagi Trail Course, which travels down paths that you won’t find on any map, and the Nishimeya Village Stay Course, in which participants can stay at a local hot-spring inn after the trek and cook homestyle dishes with staff members.

              Related Spots

              Rest Stop “Tsugaru Shirakami / Beech Nishimeya”

              Address
              219-1 Kanda, Tashiro, Nishimeya-mura, Nakatsugaru-gun, Aomori Prefecture
              TEL.
              0172-85-2855
              URL
              https://www.tsugaru-shirakami.com/en/

              A 30-minute drive from Hirosaki City, this roadside station is located in Nishimeya Village at the southern foot of Mt. Iwaki. Bear meat is a new specialty of Nishimeya Village, and the roadside station has developed a series of Shirakami-Sanchi wild-game products including “bear-meat curry” and “bear-meat rice bowls” in partnership with it. These souvenirs allow you to enjoy the strong umami flavor of bear meat. The premises also include a visitor information center, coffee roastery, and outdoor equipment shop.

              Okumeya Local Cultural Hall (Nishimeya Village Central Community Center)

              Address
              143 Inamoto, Tashiro, Nishimeya-mura, Nakatsugaru-gun, Aomori Prefecture (Nishimeya Village Board of Education)
              TEL.
              0172-85-2858
              URL
              https://www.nishimeya.jp/sonseijoho/nishimeyamuranogaiyo/2/305.html

              Come here to explore the origins and history of the Matagi. Located on the first floor of the central community center, this is a space where you learn about life in a village nestled in the mountains of Shirakami-Sanchi. Some of the valuable folk implements and photographs that were previously stored and exhibited in the Sunakawa Study Center (former Sunakose Elementary School) have been moved here to be displayed.

              Utto Onsen Matagi-no-Yu

              Address
              Mi-67 Senbokuwatarimichi-kami, Aniutto, Kitaakita City, Akita Prefecture
              TEL.
              0186-84-2612
              URL
              http://www.mataginoyu.com/

              This inn is located in the Ani region of Akita Prefecture, home to the Ani Matagi, the original Matagi of the Tohoku region. Enjoy a feast of country-style dishes incorporating a variety of edible wild plants as well as game such as bear, deer, and hare and bathe in the hot spring of Utto Onsen, where the Matagi used to relieve their fatigue and heal their wounds. Staying here will bring you closer to the work and way of life of the Ani Matagi.

              Matagi Museum

              Address
              Mi-67 Senbokuwatarimichi-kami, Aniutto, Kitaakita City, Akita Prefecture
              TEL.
              0186-84-2612(Utto Onsen Matagi-no-Yu)
              URL
              https://www.city.kitaakita.akita.jp/archive/contents-6026

              This museum is located inside the hot-spring inn “Mataginoyu.” It exhibits many rare hunting tools used by the Matagi and items such as clothing. Animals that the Matagi received as gifts from the deities while hunting are also mounted for display, realistically representing the ecosystem of the forest. Prepare to be amazed by the wisdom and culture of the Matagi, who lived in harmony with nature while maintaining strict discipline and following the code of the mountains.

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